Land deformation and sinkhole occurrence in response to the fluctuations of groundwater storage: an integrated assessment of GRACE gravity measurements, ICESat/ICESat-2 altimetry data, and hydrologic models

Uncontrolled extraction of water from groundwater aquifers causes depletion, which in turn triggers the formation sinkholes many parts world. Monitoring and detection these geomorphologic features are utmost importance priority for decision-makers to minimize significant environmental as well socio-economic implications land deformation. In this study, a systematic approach is proposed investigate spatio-temporal associations storage changes with sinkhole evolution deformation by using number remotely sensed modeled data in-situ observations. The implemented tested Konya Closed Basin (KCB), Turkey, one most critical areas central Turkey concerning formation. results GRACE (Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment) estimates suggest that there descending trend temporal variations TWSA (Terrestrial Water Storage Anomalies) GWSA (Groundwater over KCB an average depletion 4.12 ± 0.34 cm/yr 3.40 0.61 cm/yr, respectively. analysis ICESat/ICESat-2 (Ice, Cloud, Land Elevation Satellite) altimetry also indicates estimated vertical displacement 5 study area, seems be rational accord KCB. further has acceptable association storage, use, precipitation. Compared previous works KCB, findings manifest good performance methodology. integrated gravity measures, data, abstraction, observations precipitation yields monitoring events provided appropriate distribution elevation points accessible given area.